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Hans Berger (21 May 1873 – 1 June 1941) was a German psychiatrist, best known as the inventor of electroencephalography (EEG) (the recording of "brain waves") in 1924, coining the name,〔Berger's invention has been described "as one of the most surprising, remarkable, and momentous developments in the history of clinical neurology." ( David Millet (2002), "The Origins of EEG" ) ''International Society for the History of the Neurosciences'' (ISHN)〕 and the discoverer of the alpha wave rhythm known as "Berger's wave". == Biography == Berger was born in Neuses (now part of Coburg), Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Germany. After attending Casimirianum, where he gained his abitur in 1892, Berger enrolled as a mathematics student at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena with a view to becoming an astronomer. After one semester, he abandoned his studies and enlisted for a year of service in the cavalry. During a training exercise, his horse suddenly reared and he landed in the path of a horse-drawn cannon. The driver of the artillery battery halted the horses in time, leaving the young Berger shaken but with no serious injuries.〔Dean Radin (2006), ''Entangled Minds'', 21.〕 His sister, at home many kilometres away, had a feeling he was in danger and insisted their father telegram him. The incident made such an impression on Berger that, years later in 1940, he wrote: “It was a case of spontaneous telepathy in which at a time of mortal danger, and as I contemplated certain death, I transmitted my thoughts, while my sister, who was particularly close to me, acted as the receiver.”〔Hans Berger (1940), ''Psyche'', 6.〕 On completion of his military service, and obsessed by the idea of how his mind could have carried a signal to his sister, Berger returned to Jena to study medicine with the goal of discovering the physiological basis of “psychic energy”.〔Radin (2006), ''Entangled Minds'', 21.〕 His central theme became “the search for the correlation between objective activity in the brain and subjective psychic phenomena”.〔(Hans Berger bio )〕 After obtaining his medical degree from Jena in 1897, Berger joined the staff of Otto Ludwig Binswanger (1852–1929) who held the Chair in psychiatry and neurology at the Jena clinic. Habilitated in 1901, he qualified as a senior university lecturer in 1906 and physician-in-chief in 1912, eventually succeeding Binswanger in 1919.〔(H. R. Wiedemann (1994), “Hans Berger” ) in ''European Journal of Pediatrics'', Vol. 153, Number 10, 705.〕 He also collaborated with two famous scientists and physicians, Oskar Vogt (1870–1959) and Korbinian Brodmann (1868–1918), in their research on lateralization of brain function. Berger married his technical assistant, Baroness Ursula von Bülow, in 1911 and later served as an army psychiatrist on the Western front during World War I.〔( Hans Berger bio ) Answers.com〕 He was elected Rector of Jena University in 1927. In 1924, Berger succeeded in recording the first human electroencephalogram (EEG).〔( L. F. Haas, "Hans Berger (1873-1941), Richard Caton (1842-1926), and electroencephalography" ). In ''Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry'', Vol. 74, Issue 1.〕 Filled with doubt, it took him five years to publish his first paper in 1929 which demonstrated the technique for "recording the electrical activity of the human brain from the surface of the head".〔( Millet (2002), "The Origins of EEG" ) (ISHN).〕 His findings were met with incredulity and derision by the German medical and scientific establishments.〔“() the medical and scientific establishments met him with incredulity and overwhelming skepticism when they did not ignore him altogether." ( Millet (2002), ''The Origins of EEG'' ) (ISHN).〕 Having visited the EEG laboratory at Jena in 1935, American roboticist William Grey Walter noted that Berger "was not regarded by his associates as in the front rank of German psychiatrists, having rather the reputation of being a crank. He seemed to me to be a modest and dignified person, full of good humour, and as unperturbed by lack of recognition as he was later by the fame it eventually brought upon him. But he had one fatal weakness: he was completely ignorant of the technical and physical basis of his method. He knew nothing about mechanics or electricity."〔W. Grey Walter (1953), ''The Living Brain'', page no. required〕 After British electrophysiologists Edgar Douglas Adrian and B. H. C. Matthews confirmed Berger's basic observations in 1934, the importance of his discoveries in electroencephalography (EEG) were finally recognized at an international forum in 1937.〔( Hans Berger bio ) Encyclopedia.com〕 By 1938, electroencephalography had gained widespread recognition by eminent researchers in the field, leading to its practical use in diagnosis in the United States, England, and France.〔(Wiedemann (1994), “Hans Berger” ) in ''European Journal of Pediatrics'', 705.〕 In 1938, at the retirement age of 65, Berger was made Professor Emeritus in Psychology. According to biographers Niedermeyer and Lopes da Silva, the appointment occurred in an unceremonious manner as his relationship with the Nazi regime was particularly strained.〔( “Dr. Hans Berger” ) Online document of the Dept of Neurology, Univ. of Illinois at Chicago. Niedermeyer, Ernst and Lopes da Silva, Fernando (2005). ''Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields.''〕 Numerous sources report that, given their hostile relationship, the Nazis forced Berger into retirement that same year with a complete ban of any further work on EEG.〔( Hans Berger bio ) PubMed.gov〕 These biographical accounts were contradicted in 2005 by Ernst Klee, the German journalist specializing in the exposure and documentation of Nazi medical crimes, who demonstrated that Berger was a member of the SS.〔That Berger was a member of the SS has yet to be double-checked for this article. The German-language source provided is: Ernst Klee, ''Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war was vor und nach 1945'', 41〕 In 2005, Dr Susanne Zimmermann, medical historian at the University of Jena, found evidence that Berger had not been forced into retirement but had "served on the selection committee for his successor"〔Quoted in R. Douglas Fields (2009), ''The Other Brain: From Dementia to Schizophrenia'', 150 (Google Books )〕 who was sacked as a Nazi after the war. Moreover, official records at the University of Jena dating from the 1930s proved that Berger had served on the ''Erbgesundheitsgericht'' (Court for Genetic Health) that imposed sterilizations while his diaries contained anti-Semitic comments.〔Fields (2009), ''The Other Brain: From Dementia to Schizophrenia'', 150-151 (Google Books )〕 Dr Zimmermann's findings corroborated research published in Germany in 2003 documenting Berger's invitation by the SS racial hygienist Karl Astel to work for the EGOG (Court for Genetic Health) in 1941. Berger replied: "I am gladly willing to work again as an assessor at the Court for Genetic Health in Jena, for which I thank you."〔The exact German quotation is as follows: "Als ihn 1941 Karl Astel bat, erneut am EGOG Jena tätig zu werden, teilte Berger mit: 'Ich bin sehr gerne bereit, wieder als Beisitzer beim Erbgesundheitsobergericht in Jena mitzuwirken und danke Ihnen dafür.' Ein Einsatz Bergers erfolgte nicht mehr, da er sich am 1. Juni 1941 im „Zustand tiefster Depressionen“ das Leben nahm." In Hoßfeld, John, Lemuth, and Stutz (2003), ''"Kämpferische Wissenschaft" - Studien zur Universität Jena im Nationalsozialismus'', 414. ( Google Books )〕 After a long period of clinical depression, and suffering from a severe skin infection,〔Radin (2006). ''Entangled Minds'', 23.〕 Berger committed suicide by hanging on June 1, 1941 in the southern wing of the clinic. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hans Berger」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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